tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31833573435918443832024-03-13T04:41:01.042-07:00MardoBlogBlog ini berisi tips,opini,artikel yang dibuat penulis dan dperlihatkan kepada pembaca sekalianAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05538960153854186772noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3183357343591844383.post-5304937491349863442014-11-24T05:36:00.001-08:002014-11-24T05:36:42.037-08:00Understanding Accounting Methods<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1 itemprop="name">
Understanding Accounting Methods</h1>
Officially, there are two types of <i>accounting methods, </i>which dictate how the company's <a class="tooltip-link" href="http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/understanding-accounting-methods.html#glossary-transactions" rel="tooltip">transactions</a>
are recorded in the company's financial books: cash-basis accounting
and accrual accounting. The key difference between the two types is how
the company records cash coming into and going out of the business.
Within that simple difference lies a lot of room for error — or
manipulation. In fact, many of the major corporations involved in
financial scandals have gotten in trouble because they played games with
the nuts and bolts of their accounting method. <br />
<h2>
Cash-basis accounting</h2>
In <i>cash-basis accounting,</i> companies record expenses in financial accounts when the cash is actually laid out, and they book <a class="tooltip-link" href="http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/understanding-accounting-methods.html#glossary-revenue" rel="tooltip">revenue</a>
when they actually hold the cash in their hot little hands or, more
likely, in a bank account. For example, if a painter completed a project
on December 30, 2003, but doesn't get paid for it until the owner
inspects it on January 10, 2004, the painter reports those cash earnings
on her 2004 tax report. In cash-basis accounting, cash earnings include
checks, credit-card receipts, or any other form of revenue from
customers.<br />
Smaller companies that haven't formally incorporated and most sole
proprietors use cash-basis accounting because the system is easier for
them to use on their own, meaning they don't have to hire a large
accounting staff. <br />
<h2>
Accrual accounting</h2>
If a company uses <i>accrual accounting, </i>it records revenue when
the actual transaction is completed (such as the completion of work
specified in a contract agreement between the company and its customer),
not when it receives the cash. That is, the company records revenue
when it earns it, even if the customer hasn't paid yet. For example, a
carpentry contractor who uses accrual accounting records the revenue
earned when he completes the job, even if the customer hasn't paid the
final bill yet.<br />
Expenses are handled in the same way. The company records any
expenses when they're incurred, even if it hasn't paid for the supplies
yet. For example, when a carpenter buys lumber for a job, he may very
likely do so on account and not actually lay out the cash for the lumber
until a month or so later when he gets the bill.<br />
<div class="Remember">
All incorporated companies must use accrual
accounting according to the generally accepted accounting principles
(GAAP). If you're reading a corporation's financial reports, what you
see is based on accrual accounting. </div>
<h2>
Why method matters</h2>
The accounting method a business uses can have a major impact on the
total revenue the business reports as well as on the expenses that it
subtracts from the revenue to get the bottom line. Here's how:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Cash-basis accounting:</b> Expenses and revenues aren't
carefully matched on a month-to-month basis. Expenses aren't recognized
until the money is actually paid out, even if the expenses are incurred
in previous months, and revenues earned in previous months aren't
recognized until the cash is actually received. However, cash-basis
accounting excels in tracking the actual cash available.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><b>Accrual accounting:</b> Expenses and revenue are matched,
providing a company with a better idea of how much it's spending to
operate each month and how much profit it's making. Expenses are
recorded (or accrued) in the month incurred, even if the cash isn't paid
out until the next month. Revenues are recorded in the month the
project is complete or the product is shipped, even if the company
hasn't yet received the cash from the customer.</li>
</ul>
The way a company records payment of payroll taxes, for example,
differs with these two methods. In accrual accounting, each month a
company sets aside the amount it expects to pay toward its quarterly tax
bills for employee taxes using an <i>accrual </i>(paper transaction in which no money changes hands, which is called an accrual). The entry goes into a <i>tax liability account</i>
(an account for tracking tax payments that have been made or must still
be made). If the company incurs $1,000 of tax liabilities in March,
that amount is entered in the tax liability account even if it hasn't
yet paid out the cash. That way, the expense is matched to the month it
is incurred.<br />
In cash accounting, the company doesn't record the liability until it
actually pays the government the cash. Although the company incurs tax
expenses each month, the company using cash accounting shows a higher
profit during two months every quarter and possibly even shows a loss in
the third month when the taxes are paid.<br />
To see how these two methods can result in totally different
financial statements, imagine that a carpenter contracts a job with a
total cost to the customer of $2,000. The carpenter's expected expenses
for the supplies, labor, and other necessities are $1,200, so his
expected profit is $800. He contracts the work on December 23, 2004, and
completes the job on December 31, 2004. But he isn't paid until January
3, 2005. The contractor takes no cash upfront and instead agrees to be
paid in full at completion.<br />
If he uses the cash-basis accounting method, because no cash changes
hands, the carpenter doesn't have to report any revenues from this
transaction in 2004. But say he lays out the cash for his expenses in
2004. In this case, his bottom line is $1,200 less with no revenue to
offset it, and his net profit (the amount of money the company earned,
minus its expenses) for the business in 2004 is lower. This scenario may
not necessarily be a bad thing if he's trying to reduce his tax hit for
2004.<br />
<div class="Tip">
If you're a small-business owner looking to manage your
tax bill and you use cash-basis accounting, you can ask vendors to hold
off payments until the beginning of the next year to reduce your net
income, if you want to lower your tax payments for the year.</div>
If the same carpenter uses accrual accounting, his bottom line is
different. In this case, he books his expenses when they're actually
incurred. He also records the income when he completes the job on
December 31, 2004, even though he doesn't get the cash payment until
2005. His net income is increased by this job, and so is his tax hit. </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05538960153854186772noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3183357343591844383.post-61017031134235502432013-10-31T20:01:00.000-07:002017-01-30T02:08:44.907-08:00Cermin - Di Taman<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Di Taman<br />
Ya hari ini aku lagi ada janjian dengannya. Siapa lagi, kalau bukan kekasihku.<br />
di sebuah taman yang romantis dengan nuansa hangat. Berdandan<br />
merupakan tindakan yang merupakan rutinitas yang biasa kulakukan,<br />
Jika bertemu dengannya.<br />
Aku pun bergegas tuk menemuinya.<br />
Aku tak tau seperti apa nantinya jika aku berdua dengannya; dibawah<br />
pohon aras yang memberi sombaran tuk berteduh, Bersama sentuhan<br />
hangatnya suasana.<br />
Aku terpukau dengan seorang wanita yang sedang menungguku. Ya, tak<br />
lain adalah kekasihku yang telah menungguku sejak 5 menit yang lalu.<br />
“Hai Rin. . . ” Sapa ku<br />
“Hay Rey. . .” balasnya<br />
Dia begitu cantik dan manis ditambah, senyuman manis terpapar jelas<br />
di raut wajah-Nya. dan runtuhan dedaunan hijau di pundaknya. Tanganku<br />
bergerak lurus kepundaknya dan menjatuhkan dedaunan hijau yang<br />
memenuhi pundaknya. Membuatnya kagum atas tindakanku.<br />
Kami berdua pun duduk pada bangku taman putih panjang yang<br />
membentang, di taman yang indah itu<br />
menyaksikan sang mentari yang memancarkan cahayanya, biru langit dan<br />
birunya laut yang saling beradu warna, yang menambah hangatnya moment<br />
romantis, rasanya dinginnya malam terlampau sudah saat menikmati<br />
moment-moment hangat ini bersamanya.<br />
Kami bercanda tawa bersama memberi kenangan manis dihari yang cerah,<br />
sungguh moment hangat bagiku bersamanya kala itu.<br />
<br />
<br />
Biodata Penulis<br />
Nama : William M Lesimanuaya<br />
Twiter : @williamlesi<br />
Instagram : lesimanuw</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05538960153854186772noreply@blogger.com0